Ziegler-Nichols (Z-N) Method for Traditional PID Controller Tuning

I'd like to discuss traditional PID controller tuning methods, particularly the Ziegler-Nichols (Z-N) method. Traditional PID controllers are widely used for controlling various industrial processes. The Ziegler-Nichols method serves as a common tuning approach that enables rapid determination of PID parameters (Proportional, Integral, and Derivative gains). In the Z-N method, practitioners analyze the system's response curve to establish optimal parameters, significantly reducing tuning time compared to manual methods. The method typically involves two main approaches: the step response method (open-loop) and the ultimate sensitivity method (closed-loop), where engineers systematically increase the proportional gain until sustained oscillations occur to calculate the ultimate period and gain. I believe the Z-N method provides an excellent foundation for achieving improved control performance through systematic parameter optimization. Let's explore the detailed implementation steps and practical applications of this method together!