Beamforming, also known as spatial filtering, is a signal processing technique used with sensor arrays for directional signal transmission or reception. This technique involves combining phased array elements in a way that signals at specific angles experience constructive interference while experiencing destructive interference at other angles. Beamforming can be used at both transmit and receive ends to achieve spatial selectivity. Compared to omnidirectional patterns, the enhancement in reception/transmission is referred to as receive/transmit gain (or loss). Beamforming can be implemented with radio waves or acoustic waves, finding applications in radar, sonar, seismology, wireless communications, radio astronomy, acoustics, and biomedical fields. Adaptive beamforming represents
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