The Elman neural network was proposed by Elman in 1990. This model adds a context layer to the hidden layer of the feedforward network, serving as a one-step delay operator to achieve memory functionality, enabling the system to adapt to time-varying characteristics and directly reflect the properties of dynamic process systems. The Elman recurrent neural network typically consists of four layers: input layer, hidden layer (intermediate layer), context layer, and output layer. As shown in the diagram, the connections between the input layer, hidden layer, and output layer resemble those of a feedforward network. The input layer units primarily handle signal transmission, while the output layer units perform linear weighting. The hidden layer units can use linear or nonlinear activation functions, and the context layer (also called the state layer) memorizes the previous output values of the hidden layer units and feeds them back.
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