LEACH Algorithm: A Classic Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks, clustering routing protocols are widely adopted, and LEACH stands out as one of the most classic algorithms. By implementing LEACH, network nodes are dynamically organized into clusters through a probabilistic approach where each node generates a random number and compares it to a threshold T(n) - calculated based on desired cluster head percentage and rounds. This enables more efficient data aggregation and transmission by designating cluster heads to compress and forward data to the base station. For beginners, studying LEACH provides fundamental understanding of cluster formation, energy-aware role rotation, and TDMA-based intra-cluster communication. The algorithm serves as an excellent research subject, where optimizations like adaptive threshold adjustments or hybrid energy-balanced schemes can significantly improve network lifetime and performance. Key functions typically involve round initialization, cluster head election using T(n) = P/(1-P*(r mod 1/P)) for eligible nodes, and steady-state data transmission phases.