Fundamental Gardner Algorithm and a Modified Gardner Algorithm

In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive investigation into the timing error characteristics of the fundamental Gardner algorithm and a modified Gardner algorithm under various symbol sequence conditions. Through extensive experiments involving MATLAB implementations with critical functions like timing error detection and interpolation filters, we analyze the performance metrics of both algorithms across different scenarios. The experimental framework includes testing with various modulation schemes and signal-to-noise ratios to evaluate algorithm robustness. Based on our experimental results, we provide an in-depth discussion comparing the advantages and limitations of each algorithm, highlighting their respective computational efficiency and convergence properties. Furthermore, we examine the practical applicability of these algorithms in real-world communication systems and propose potential enhancement directions, including adaptive threshold adjustments and hybrid synchronization approaches. Our research aims to provide valuable references and insights for researchers in related fields, particularly for those developing digital communication receivers with improved timing recovery mechanisms.